IELTS Writing Samples Band 8.5

The question of whether contemporary society has fostered greater interdependence or independence among individuals is a nuanced one that reflects fundamental tensions in modern life. While compelling arguments exist on both sides, I contend that we have paradoxically become both more dependent on abstract systems and more independent from traditional social structures. Proponents of the interdependence thesis point to the intricate networks that underpin modern existence. Our daily lives depend on vast, interconnected systems—supply chains that deliver food from distant continents, digital infrastructure enabling instantaneous global communication, and specialised professional services that few individuals could provide for themselves. The COVID-19 pandemic starkly illustrated this reality when disruptions in one region cascaded worldwide, affecting everything from semiconductor production to grain exports. Moreover, contemporary challenges such as climate change, cybersecurity threats, and economic instability transcend national boundaries, demanding collective action and acknowledging our fundamental interconnectedness. This systemic interdependence represents an unprecedented degree of mutual reliance. Conversely, those emphasising growing independence observe that technological advancement has liberated individuals from traditional dependencies. People can now access information, education, and entertainment without relying on local institutions or authorities. The gig economy and remote work have freed many from geographical constraints and traditional employment relationships. Financial independence, particularly among women, has reduced reliance on family structures that once governed individual choices. Social media and digital platforms enable people to curate their own communities based on interests rather than proximity, diminishing dependence on immediate social circles. This atomisation of society has granted individuals unprecedented autonomy in shaping their identities and life trajectories. However, I would argue that these perspectives are not mutually exclusive but rather describe different dimensions of a complex reality. We have indeed become more independent from localised, personal relationships and traditional hierarchies, enjoying freedoms our ancestors could scarcely imagine. Yet simultaneously, we have become profoundly dependent on impersonal, often invisible systems and networks. The individual who works remotely, orders groceries online, and maintains friendships through digital platforms exemplifies this duality—independent from immediate community yet utterly reliant on technological and logistical infrastructure. Furthermore, this shift carries significant implications. While systemic interdependence provides efficiency and opportunity, it also creates vulnerability and a sense of powerlessness when systems fail. Meanwhile, the independence we celebrate can manifest as isolation, with documented increases in loneliness and mental health challenges in developed nations. In conclusion, modernity has reconfigured rather than simply increased or decreased our dependencies. We have exchanged direct, personal interdependence for systemic, abstract interdependence whilst gaining individual autonomy. Recognising this complexity is essential for addressing contemporary social challenges, as solutions must acknowledge both our need for reliable systems and our desire for meaningful autonomy and connection.

Governments around the world are increasingly confronted with rising congestion and environmental degradation, both of which are closely tied to private vehicle use. While some argue that only substantial public investment in mass transit can address these issues effectively, others contend that individuals must make more responsible transport decisions. Both perspectives merit consideration, but a balanced approach combining systemic and personal action is ultimately the most sustainable. Those who support government-led intervention emphasize that large-scale transportation infrastructure is beyond the control of individual citizens. Efficient metro networks, rapid bus systems, and integrated cycling lanes require coordinated planning, long-term funding, and regulatory authority. Where such systems are robust and reliable, people naturally shift away from private cars. Cities like Singapore and Copenhagen demonstrate that when governments provide inexpensive, punctual, and comfortable public transit, traffic congestion decreases dramatically and air quality improves. Without this foundation, expecting individuals to forgo cars is unrealistic, as convenience and safety are often tied to the quality of available alternatives. On the other hand, advocates of individual responsibility argue that behavioural change is critical regardless of infrastructure. Even in cities with excellent public transport, many still choose to drive due to habit or social preference. Personal decisions—such as carpooling, walking short distances, or using bicycles—can collectively reduce emissions and road density. Moreover, individuals shape demand: when citizens voluntarily support greener transport options, governments are encouraged to expand and improve such services. Relying solely on public investment without corresponding shifts in personal habits may yield limited progress. In my view, solving the twin challenges of congestion and pollution requires active participation from both sides. Governments must ensure that low-carbon transport options are accessible, affordable, and efficient. Simultaneously, citizens must recognise the environmental cost of private vehicle dependence and make informed choices that align with broader sustainability goals. This reciprocal relationship maximises the impact of public spending and accelerates behavioural change. In conclusion, neither government investment nor individual responsibility alone can adequately reduce traffic and pollution. A coordinated strategy—strong public transit systems supported by conscious personal choices—offers the most effective path toward cleaner, less congested cities.